Abstract The main objective of this research is to verify the effectiveness of an intervention program aimed at teaching early reading skills, more specifically alphabetic skills and phonological processing, in pupils with Typical Development (TD) and Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). A total of 99 pupils with an average age of 5 years old from 54 schools on the Island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) participated. Initial alphabetical skills, phonological processing, and verbal working memory were assessed before and after the intervention. The intervention program consisted of 60 sessions with a duration of 15 minutes and was organized at multiple levels of educational support, preferably within the regular classroom, and had the collaboration between Early Childhood Education Teachers and Speech Language Therapists. The results indicate that the pupils with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) initially presented a low performance in all the studied skills than those diagnosed with typical development. However, pupils who received the intervention program, those diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and the group with Typical Development (TD), showed greater gains in Letter Recognition and in Grapheme-Phoneme Association. There is some discussion about the educational implications for organizing an early intervention of a collaborative and inclusive nature within an intervention response model with various levels of practice. In addition, the nature of the activities in game formats enhance interaction and promote learning for all the pupils.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es comprobar la efectividad de un programa de intervención destinado a la enseñanza de habilidades de lectura temprana, concretamente en habilidades alfabéticas y de procesamiento fonológico, en alumnado con Desarrollo Típico (DT) y con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL). Para esto, participaron un total de 99 alumnos, con un promedio de 5 años, de 54 colegios de la Isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias, España). Se evaluaron habilidades alfabéticas iniciales, procesamiento fonológico y memoria de trabajo verbal antes y después de la intervención. Además, este programa se desarrolló en 60 sesiones de 15 minutos de duración, organizado en múltiples niveles de apoyo, preferentemente dentro del aula regular, y contó con la colaboración entre profesorado de Educación Infantil y logopedas. Los resultados indican que el alumnado con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL) presenta inicialmente un rendimiento inferior en todas las habilidades estudiadas comparado con los estudiantes con Desarrollo Típico (DT). Sin embargo, ambos grupos obtuvieron mayores ganancias posterior a la intervención en el Reconocimiento de las letras y en Asociación grafema-fonema. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas para organizar una intervención temprana de naturaleza colaborativa e inclusiva dentro de un modelo de respuesta con varios niveles de práctica. Además, la naturaleza de las actividades en formatos de juegos potencian la interacción y fomentan el aprendizaje de todo el alumnado.

Abstract: The aim of this research was to determine and compare the performance in the syntactic production and the ungrammaticality among pupìls with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and two groups of pupils with typical language development. The sample was composed of a total of 84 children divided into three groups. A SLI group with 34 children, between 5.98 and 11.53 years old; a group of chronological control 33 children, between 5.73 and 10.74 years old; and a group of linguistic control with 17 children, between 4.64 and 5.60 years. The procedure used for the elicitation of stories was to retell the story Frog, where are you? After a literal transcription and segmented the corpus into sentences, we proceeded to determine those that constitute ungrammatical sentences and those that have grammatical errors. The results showed that there was no difference among the three groups in the production of simple sentences. However, in the production of complex syntax, there were no significant differences between the linguistic control and SLI, but there was a big difference between these two groups and the chronological control group. In relation to the production of ungrammatical sentences and grammatical errors, it was shown a similar behavior between SLI and linguistic control groups, although they were worse than the chronological controls. The conclusions indicate that the pupils with TEL present a very significant delay in their morphosyntax, with serious limitations in the syntactic processing abilities.

Resumen: La presente investigación ha tenido como objetivo determinar y comparar el rendimiento en la producción sintáctica y en la agramaticalidad entre alumnado con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL) y dos grupos de escolares con desarrollo típico del lenguaje. La muestra de este estudio quedó constituida por un total de 84 niños distribuidos en tres grupos. Un grupo con TEL con 34 niños, entre los 5.98 y los 11.53 años de edad; un grupo de control cronológico con 33 niños, entre los 5.73 y los 10.74 años de edad; y un grupo de control lingüístico con 17 niños, entre los 4.64 y los 5.60 años de edad. El procedimiento utilizado para la elicitación de las narraciones fue el recontado del cuento Rana, ¿dónde estás? Una vez realizada una transcripción literal y segmentados los corpus en oraciones, se procedió a determinar las que constituyen oraciones agramaticales y las que tienen presencia de errores gramaticales. Los resultados indicaron que no hubo diferencias entre los tres grupos en la producción de oraciones simples. Sin embargo, en la producción de sintaxis compleja, no se observan diferencias significativas entre los grupos TEL y control lingüístico, pero sí entre éstos dos y el grupo control cronológico. Además, en relación a la producción de oraciones agramaticales y errores gramaticales, se pone de manifiesto un comportamiento similar entre los grupos TEL y control lingüístico, y peor que los controles cronológicos. Las conclusiones señalan que el alumnado con TEL presenta un retraso muy significativo en su morfosintaxis, con serias limitaciones en las habilidades de procesamiento sintáctico.

OBJETIVO: descrever procedimento de intervenção fonológica. MÉTODOS: duas crianças com transtorno fonológico participaram do estudo. Foi aplicada a prova de Fonologia de Acosta et al. (1998) para o levantamento das simplificações e, posteriormente, aplicado o programa de intervenção por pares mínimos. RESULTADOS: observou-se generalização dos fonemas e processos fonológicos não treinados durante o tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados indicam que o tratamento deve começar por aqueles processos que afetam um maior número de fonemas e que apresentam maior dificuldade em sua produção.

PURPOSE: to describe the procedure which could be useful for teachers and speech therapists engaged within a school context, in the treatment of the phonological mistakes exhibited by children during their primary-school education. It is an attempt to present an intra-subject study and to observe the generalization suffered by the untrained phonemes and processes during the training of a phoneme. METHODS: two children with phonological impairment participated in this research. A Test of Phonology Acosta et al. (1998) was used for the analysis of the simplifications and, later on, an intervention program by minimal pairs was applied. RESULTS: the results seem to indicate that the treatment should start with the process affecting more phonemes and that the most difficult; for example, the phoneme where the process is compulsory applied, should be chosen as the one to be trained. CONCLUSION: the results showed that treatment must begin with the process that affects a major number of phonemes which have more difficulty in their production.